Donnelly / en 91Թ researchers turn to baker’s yeast to develop new drugs /news/u-t-researchers-turn-baker-s-yeast-develop-new-drugs <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">91Թ researchers turn to baker’s yeast to develop new drugs </span> <div class="field field--name-field-featured-picture field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <img loading="eager" srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/news_banner_370/public/2017-07-26-yeast-membrane.jpg?h=afdc3185&amp;itok=glr6pQ2S 370w, /sites/default/files/styles/news_banner_740/public/2017-07-26-yeast-membrane.jpg?h=afdc3185&amp;itok=I-VxvtOM 740w, /sites/default/files/styles/news_banner_1110/public/2017-07-26-yeast-membrane.jpg?h=afdc3185&amp;itok=wwPEAAiB 1110w" sizes="(min-width:1200px) 1110px, (max-width: 1199px) 80vw, (max-width: 767px) 90vw, (max-width: 575px) 95vw" width="740" height="494" src="/sites/default/files/styles/news_banner_370/public/2017-07-26-yeast-membrane.jpg?h=afdc3185&amp;itok=glr6pQ2S" alt> </div> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span>ullahnor</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"><time datetime="2017-07-26T15:53:53-04:00" title="Wednesday, July 26, 2017 - 15:53" class="datetime">Wed, 07/26/2017 - 15:53</time> </span> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-cutline-long field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Cutline</div> <div class="field__item">Yeast cells labeled with colourful fluorescent markers (photo credit: Wiki Commons)</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-author-reporters field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/authors-reporters/jovana-drinjakovic" hreflang="en">Jovana Drinjakovic</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-author-legacy field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Author legacy</div> <div class="field__item">Jovana Drinjakovic</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-topic field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Topic</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/topics/breaking-research" hreflang="en">Breaking Research</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-story-tags field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/tags/donnelly" hreflang="en">Donnelly</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/tags/drugs" hreflang="en">Drugs</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>A team of Canadian, U.S. and Japanese scientists are enlisting baker’s yeast in a hunt for better drugs.</p> <p>A new method developed by 91Թ researchers and international collaborators has the potential to accelerate drug&nbsp;discovery with help from yeast cells. They&nbsp;are simpler versions of human cells&nbsp;and&nbsp;better understood when it comes to basic cellular processes&nbsp;– helping researchers better link a drug to a particular bioprocess.</p> <p>Even with cutting-edge technology, it can take years to untangle how drugs interfere with cells. In fact, one of the hardest parts of&nbsp;drug discovery is pinning down how a medicine actually works in the body. For example, it took nearly 100 years to uncover the molecular target of aspirin.&nbsp;But to develop medicine&nbsp;that targets disease effectively and is&nbsp;safe – with no side-effects – these molecular insights are key.</p> <p><a href="http://www.nature.com/nchembio/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nchembio.2436.html?foxtrotcallback=true">The study</a>, published this week&nbsp;in the journal <em>Nature Chemical Biology</em>, tested how nearly 14,000 compounds, hundreds of which were previously unexplored, affect basic cellular processes&nbsp;so drug makers can become aware of chemicals that are most likely to target a particular disease.</p> <p>The data pointed to about 1000 chemicals, many of which are natural products derived from soil microbes as a rich source of potential drugs&nbsp;against a range of diseases, from infections&nbsp;to Alzheimer’s and cancer.</p> <p>The research teams&nbsp;led by <strong>Charles Boone</strong>, a professor of molecular genetics at&nbsp;91Թ’s Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Chad Myers&nbsp;of the University of Minnesota-Twin Cities&nbsp;and Professors Minoru Yoshida and Hiroyuki Osada&nbsp;from the RIKEN Centre for Sustainable Resource Science in Japan&nbsp;developed a new chemical genetics approach to link a drug to a cellular process it acts on.</p> <p>Boone and Myers are also fellows at the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research where Boone is a senior fellow and co-director of the Genetics Networks program.</p> <p>Despite modern technology, drug discovery still largely rests on guesswork. To find a drug&nbsp;that kills cancer cells, scientists sift through libraries containing thousands of chemical compounds, the majority of which will have no effect at all.</p> <p>“There are many different types of libraries to choose from. A lot of the time you choose a library based on its availability or its cost, not any sort of functional information, and so it becomes a shot in the dark,” says <strong>Jeff Piotrowski</strong>, a lead author on the paper who was a postdoctoral researcher&nbsp;in both the Yoshida and Boone labs and now works at the Boston biotechnology company, Yumanity Therapeutics, which uses yeast cells to find drugs for neurodegenerative diseases.</p> <p>With their chemical genetics platform, Piotrowski and colleagues were able to show which parts of the cell are targeted by thousands of compounds from seven different libraries, six of which have been extensively explored and includes collections from the National Cancer Institute (NCI), the National Institute of Health and the pharmaceutical company GlaxoSmithKline. The seventh and largest collection, from RIKEN in Japan, harbours thousands of virtually unexplored natural products from soil microbes.</p> <p>“By annotating these libraries, we can tell which library targets which bioprocess in the cell. It gives us a head start on linking a compound to a target, which is perhaps the most challenging part of drug discovery,” says Piotrowski.</p> <p>The data revealed, for example, that the RIKEN library contains compounds that act in many different ways: from microbe-fighting chemicals that could be used to treat infections&nbsp;to drugs that target cellular trafficking in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases, to those that interfere with cell replication and might be used against cancer. In fact, the RIKEN library turned out to have many novel compounds with anti-cancer potential.</p> <p>“It’s long been thought that natural products are more functionally diverse, that they can do more things than purely synthetized compounds and that certainly seems to be true from our data,” says Boone.</p> <p>And because natural compounds were shaped by evolution to act on living organisms, they are better candidates for future drugs&nbsp;than synthetic compounds that often do not even get into the cells. For example, aspirin,&nbsp;penicillin and the cancer drug taxol&nbsp;come from nature.</p> <p>The data also revealed chemicals that influence more than one process in the cell. These compounds are more likely to cause side-effects and are best avoided.</p> <p>“With our map, we can see these promiscuous compounds earlier and focus on the good ones,” says Piotrowski.</p> <p>The study followed <a href="https://www.quantamagazine.org/giant-genetic-map-reveals-lifes-hidden-links-20161025">earlier research&nbsp;by Boone, Myers, and Donnelly Centre Director <strong>Brenda Andrews</strong></a>, which mapped out how thousands of genes interact with each other to drive fundamental processes in the cell.&nbsp;</p> <p>The research was supported with funding from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, National Institute of Health in the US and National Science Foundation of Japan.</p> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-news-home-page-banner field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">News home page banner</div> <div class="field__item">Off</div> </div> Wed, 26 Jul 2017 19:53:53 +0000 ullahnor 110850 at 91Թ's Deep Genomics applies AI to accelerate drug development for genetic conditions /news/u-t-s-deep-genomics-applies-ai-accelerate-drug-development-genetic-conditions <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">91Թ's Deep Genomics applies AI to accelerate drug development for genetic conditions</span> <div class="field field--name-field-featured-picture field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <img loading="eager" srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/news_banner_370/public/2017-05-02-brendan-frey.jpg?h=afdc3185&amp;itok=wxZvw5DC 370w, /sites/default/files/styles/news_banner_740/public/2017-05-02-brendan-frey.jpg?h=afdc3185&amp;itok=uk1xPfaY 740w, /sites/default/files/styles/news_banner_1110/public/2017-05-02-brendan-frey.jpg?h=afdc3185&amp;itok=TjNY6ZnI 1110w" sizes="(min-width:1200px) 1110px, (max-width: 1199px) 80vw, (max-width: 767px) 90vw, (max-width: 575px) 95vw" width="740" height="494" src="/sites/default/files/styles/news_banner_370/public/2017-05-02-brendan-frey.jpg?h=afdc3185&amp;itok=wxZvw5DC" alt="Brendan Frey"> </div> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span>ullahnor</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"><time datetime="2017-05-03T17:10:58-04:00" title="Wednesday, May 3, 2017 - 17:10" class="datetime">Wed, 05/03/2017 - 17:10</time> </span> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-cutline-long field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Cutline</div> <div class="field__item">91Թ Engineering Professor Brendan Frey is the founder and CEO of Deep Genomics, a startup company applying deep-learning techniques to revolutionize genomic medicine (photo courtesy of Deep Genomics) </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-author-reporters field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/authors-reporters/marit-mitchell" hreflang="en">Marit Mitchell</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-author-legacy field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Author legacy</div> <div class="field__item">Marit Mitchell</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-topic field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Topic</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/topics/global-lens" hreflang="en">Global Lens</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-story-tags field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/tags/artificial-intelligence" hreflang="en">Artificial Intelligence</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/tags/vector" hreflang="en">Vector</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/tags/brendan-frey" hreflang="en">Brendan Frey</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/tags/entrepreneurship" hreflang="en">Entrepreneurship</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/tags/faculty-applied-science-engineering" hreflang="en">Faculty of Applied Science &amp; Engineering</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/tags/startup" hreflang="en">Startup</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/tags/drugs" hreflang="en">Drugs</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/tags/faculty-arts-science" hreflang="en">Faculty of Arts &amp; Science</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/tags/donnelly" hreflang="en">Donnelly</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/tags/faculty-medicine" hreflang="en">Faculty of Medicine</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-subheadline field--type-string-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Subheadline</div> <div class="field__item">91Թ spinoff company combines leading research in both machine learning and genomic science to accelerate development of highly tailored medical treatments</div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Genetic mutations are the cause of countless diseases and disorders, from cancer to autism to cystic fibrosis.</p> <p>Now, startup company <a href="https://www.deepgenomics.com/">Deep Genomics</a> is applying decades of research into machine learning and genomic science to develop genetic medicines –&nbsp;accelerating treatments that address the root causes of these conditions.</p> <p>“If you have smoke billowing out of the tailpipe of your car, you don’t just put a filter on the tailpipe –&nbsp;you have to look under the hood and address the original problem,” says <strong>Brendan Frey</strong>, the co-founder and CEO of Deep Genomics, and a 91Թ engineering professor with cross-appointments in the department of computer science and the Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research. “That’s what we’re doing: applying our platform for the discovery-phase development of medicines that address genetic problems.”</p> <p>Developing new drugs is expensive, slow and inefficient –&nbsp;when researchers identify a protein involved in a disease, pharmaceutical companies often use a ‘guess-and-test’ approach to see whether any of the known drug molecules in their arsenal is&nbsp;a match to the protein’s unique shape. Often, thousands of molecules need to be screened in order to generate a match.</p> <p>Frey’s team at Deep Genomics is looking at the first biological step in the process: at the genes that contain the blueprints for proteins and instructions on how and when to produce them.</p> <p>“There are many ways a protein could be causing a problem, resulting from different changes to the genome. We can see those changes at the level of individual genes,” says Frey. “Instead of focusing on proteins, we’re focusing on the genetic mutations that are the source of the problem.”</p> <h3><a href="/news/tracking-proteins-using-ai-u-t-scientists-develop-deep-learning-algorithm">Read more about startup by Frey's student using AI to analyze protein data</a></h3> <p>Most new drugs fail in clinical trials, and <a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/cost-to-develop-new-pharmaceutical-drug-now-exceeds-2-5b/">the cost of developing a new drug is over $2.5 billion</a>.</p> <p>Frey hopes that by harnessing the massive amount of genetic data that has become available since the human genome was sequenced in 2001, Deep Genomics can help pharmaceutical companies significantly cut down on the number of failures, and pinpoint the winners earlier. The company plans to collaborate with pharmaceutical companies to develop compounds.&nbsp;</p> <p><a href="/news/vector-institute-points-toronto-global-hot-spot-ai-research">Frey is also a co-founder of the recently formed&nbsp;</a><a href="/news/vector-institute-points-toronto-global-hot-spot-ai-research">Vector Institute</a>, an academia-industry-government centre that solidifies Toronto’s position as a global hub for artificial intelligence research and development. With over $200 million in funding, the institute builds on 91Թ’s long-standing strength in branches of AI such as deep learning, machine learning, neural networks, augmented reality, self-driving and autonomous vehicles and robotics.</p> <p>“I think in the next 10 to 20 years, almost all aspects of Canadian society will be impacted by artificial intelligence, from farming to medicine to education,” says Frey. “Artificial intelligence, and deep learning in particular, is the best way to interpret data and then make rational, good choices. As the amount of data grows in all areas of society, AI will play a crucial role in making that happen.”</p> <p>In medicine, Deep Genomics has identified the most promising ways to tackle rare Mendelian disorders, a class of genetic conditions caused by mutations in a single gene.&nbsp;Over 350 million people worldwide are affected by rare Mendelian disorders. Frey says the first three conditions they’ll explore will be disorders of the central nervous system, eye and liver.</p> <p>“So far, we’ve been focusing on our core technology: using machine learning to gain new insights into how mutations anywhere in the genome contribute to disease conditions,” says Frey. “Now it’s time to use that platform to help pharmaceutical companies develop genetic medicines for some of these conditions that affect millions of people.”</p> <h3><a href="http://entrepreneurs.utoronto.ca/">Learn more about entrepreneurship and startups at 91Թ</a></h3> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-news-home-page-banner field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">News home page banner</div> <div class="field__item">Off</div> </div> Wed, 03 May 2017 21:10:58 +0000 ullahnor 107226 at Fighting global diseases: 91Թ researchers tackle parasites /news/fighting-global-diseases-u-t-researchers-tackle-parasites <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Fighting global diseases: 91Թ researchers tackle parasites</span> <div class="field field--name-field-featured-picture field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <img loading="eager" srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/news_banner_370/public/2017-04-11-parasite.jpg?h=afdc3185&amp;itok=fx97bowu 370w, /sites/default/files/styles/news_banner_740/public/2017-04-11-parasite.jpg?h=afdc3185&amp;itok=5QQSN2sM 740w, /sites/default/files/styles/news_banner_1110/public/2017-04-11-parasite.jpg?h=afdc3185&amp;itok=0WQxy8qQ 1110w" sizes="(min-width:1200px) 1110px, (max-width: 1199px) 80vw, (max-width: 767px) 90vw, (max-width: 575px) 95vw" width="740" height="494" src="/sites/default/files/styles/news_banner_370/public/2017-04-11-parasite.jpg?h=afdc3185&amp;itok=fx97bowu" alt> </div> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span>ullahnor</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"><time datetime="2017-04-11T16:28:13-04:00" title="Tuesday, April 11, 2017 - 16:28" class="datetime">Tue, 04/11/2017 - 16:28</time> </span> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-cutline-long field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Cutline</div> <div class="field__item">Researchers help identify anti-parasitic drugs by using C. elegans, a worm grown on a lab dish (photo courtesy of Wikimedia Commons) </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-author-reporters field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/authors-reporters/jovana-drinjakovic" hreflang="en">Jovana Drinjakovic</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-author-legacy field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Author legacy</div> <div class="field__item">Jovana Drinjakovic</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-topic field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Topic</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/topics/breaking-research" hreflang="en">Breaking Research</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-story-tags field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/tags/donnelly" hreflang="en">Donnelly</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/tags/health" hreflang="en">Health</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/tags/global" hreflang="en">Global</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/tags/wellness" hreflang="en">Wellness</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/tags/parasites" hreflang="en">Parasites</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p><strong>Andrew Fraser</strong> and <strong>Peter Roy&nbsp;</strong>lead research into identifying new drugs that can fight parasites infecting the gut, lungs and livers of two billion people globally – many of whom live in poor and marginalized communities.&nbsp;</p> <p>The researchers, who are both professors in&nbsp;the department of molecular genetics, work with pharmaceutical companies to identify promising drugs.</p> <p>“Drugs already exist for some parasite infections, but resistance is always evolving –&nbsp;we need new ways to attack these complex creatures,” says Fraser, who signed a deal last month to work&nbsp;with Janssen, a branch of the pharmaceutical giant Johnson &amp; Johnson.</p> <p>“The best anthelmintic drug today, ivermectin, was developed in the 1970s as a partnership between an academic lab and a major pharmaceutical company. It’s a great cooperative model to help solve these huge global health problems.”</p> <p>Roy&nbsp;says there is also a&nbsp;potential for the agriculture industry to play a role in developing new treatments.</p> <p>“Most of the meat we eat has been treated with anthelmintics, drugs that kill parasitic worms,” says Roy. “If novel anthelmintics are shown to be useful for cows and sheep, then they might become therapies for humans.”</p> <p>As their main research tool, the professors rely&nbsp;on a harmless type of worm widely used in labs called <em>C. elegans</em>. Unlike parasites, which cycle between living inside the body and&nbsp;outside, lab worms grow on a dish and are easy to work with.</p> <p>But to mimic what is taking place in the body – many parasites live in places within the body with little oxygen –&nbsp;91Թ PhD students <strong>Samantha Del Borrello </strong>and&nbsp;<strong>Margot Lautens</strong> found a way to trick the worm, <em>C. elegans</em>,<em>&nbsp;</em>which needs oxygen to survive, into behaving like a parasite.</p> <p>“The way worms survive in low oxygen is extremely unusual, humans don’t use this process at all. That’s the key. It means that if we can target this unusual metabolic pathway, we should be able to kill the worms without having any impact on the human host,” says Fraser.</p> <p>In&nbsp;Del Borrello's case, family history led her to researching parasites. Her grandmother's childhood in 1940s rural Italy was plagued by intestinal worms that ravaged her health to the point doctors thought she would die.</p> <p>“It is crazy to think that I may not be here because of a parasite, and now here I am working on preventing the parasites from hurting people,” says Del Borrello.</p> <p>Using a different strategy, Roy’s team has already uncovered a treasure trove of potential anti-parasitic compounds. Two years ago, postdoctoral researcher&nbsp;<strong>Andrew Burns</strong> was part of a team that uncovered <a href="https://www-nature-com.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/articles/ncomms8485">275 chemical compounds that killed <em>C. elegans</em></a>. These worm active compounds, dubbed wactives, were then tested on fish and human cells to identify which ones could potentially harm the host.</p> <p>That team is now teasing apart how wactives work. A new study in <a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0005502"><em>PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases</em></a> describes how a compound called wact-86 works by blocking an important enzyme in the worm. The next step is to explore whether wactives can clear parasitic infections in larger animals.</p> <p>Another potential avenue is to work with a pharmaceutical company from the start. To do this, Fraser is working with BIO Ventures for Global Health (BVGH), a Seattle-based non-profit that boosts research in neglected tropical diseases through partnerships between academic labs and the pharmaceutical industry. The organization, among other roles, helps academia and industry share reagents, says Ujwal Sheth, associate director at BVGH.</p> <p>Last month, Fraser signed a deal with Janssen, granting his team rights to the company’s drug collection – a potential chemical gold mine with 80,000 diverse compounds. If they find a medicinally promising compound, Janssen could decide take it on, said Sheth. Or, the BVGH could help connect Fraser with other partners with capacity to develop new medicines, she added.</p> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-news-home-page-banner field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">News home page banner</div> <div class="field__item">Off</div> </div> Tue, 11 Apr 2017 20:28:13 +0000 ullahnor 106700 at