Ecology and Evolutionary Biology

Institute of Biomedical Engineering

Leah Cowen

Sinai Health

Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre

Temerty Faculty of Medicine

Unity Health

Cell and Systems Biology

Anthropology

Astronomy & Astrophysics

Biochemistry

Centre for Addiction and Mental Health

Chemistry

Computer Science

Dalla Lana School of Public Health

Faculty of Applied Science & Engineering

Hospital for Sick Children

Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology

Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy

Mathematics

Physics

Psychology

University Health Network

UTIAS

Subheadline

From better batteries to preventing memory loss, nearly four dozen projects at 91�Թ� and its partner hospitals are being supported by the Ontario Research Fund

Researchers in the 91�Թ�’s Thermal Management Systems (TMS) Laboratory are working to improve the way battery systems handle heat and develop structural battery pack components. 

“Whether they are being used for electric vehicles or for stationary energy storage systems that reduce strain on the grid, lithium-ion batteries are transforming the way we use electricity,” said Carlos Da Silva, senior research associate at the TMS Lab in the Faculty of Applied Science & Engineering and executive director of 91�Թ�’s Electrification Hub.

“Unfortunately, today’s batteries are still sensitive to temperature: if they get too cold or too hot, it can degrade their performance and even present safety risks. We are working on new technologies that make batteries more resilient to thermal fluctuations.”

The battery-related research is among nearly four dozen projects at 91�Թ� and its partner hospitals that are receiving almost $35 million in support through the Ontario Research Fund – Research Excellence (ORF-RE) and the Ontario Research Fund – Small Infrastructure (ORF-SIF). (See the full list of projects and their principal researchers below).

"Research at the 91�Թ� and at all universities and colleges across Ontario is the foundation of the province’s competitiveness now and in the future,” said Leah Cowen, 91�Թ�’s vice-president, research and innovation, and strategic initiatives.

“This investment protects and advances cutting-edge, made-in-Ontario research in important economic sectors and helps ensure universities can continue to train, attract and retain the world’s top talent."

At 91�Թ� Engineering’s TMS Lab, researchers led by Cristina Amon, a University Professor in the department of mechanical and industrial engineering, are working on two funded projects. They are developing advanced computational modelling and digital twin methodologies that predict and optimize how heat flows through battery packs. The methodologies are carefully calibrated and validated through industry-relevant experiments in the lab.

Senior Research Associate Carlos Da Silva, left, and University Professor Cristina Amon, right, chat in the Faculty of Applied Science & Engineering's Thermal Management Systems Laboratory (photo by Aaron Demeter)

These methodologies will help battery designers anticipate and prevent thermal management challenges before they arise. It can also enable them to optimize the design and deployment of fire mitigation measures, such as ultra-thin heat barriers, within their battery systems.

The team is also collaborating with Ford Canada and several other companies in the energy storage space. For example, they have worked with Jule (powered by eCAMION) on the development of direct current electric vehicle fast chargers with integrated battery energy storage systems, one of which was recently unveiled on the 91�Թ� campus.

“We are grateful for this ORF-RE funding, which will accelerate our research and help us further expand our partnerships, ensuring that battery thermal innovations have a seamless transition from the lab to the marketplace,” Amon said.

“As a result of this work, the next generation of batteries will be safer and more resilient than ever before, which is especially important in colder climates like ours here in Ontario.” 

Ontario Research Fund – Research Excellence:

Cristina Amon in the department of mechanical & industrial engineering in the Faculty of Applied Science & Engineering – Powering Ontario’s grid transformation and electric vehicle fast charging with thermally resilient battery energy storage & Next-gen electric vehicle battery systems: Lightweight, thermally performant and fire safe for all climates
Morgan Barense in the department of psychology in the Faculty of Arts & Science – HippoCamera: Digital memory rehabilitation to combat memory loss
Aimy Bazylak in the department of mechanical & industrial engineering in the Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering – RECYCLEAN: Critical minerals recycling & re-manufacturing for the energy transition
Ian Connell at University Health Network and the department of medical biophysics in the Temerty Faculty of Medicine – MRI-compatible innovations for neuromodulation
Simon Graham at Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre and the department of medical biophysics in the Temerty Faculty of Medicine – Technological innovations for clinical MRI of the brain at 7 tesla
Clinton Groth in the Institute for Aerospace Studies in the Faculty of Applied Science & Engineering – Hydrogen as a sustainable aviation fuel – combustion research to remove impediments to adoption in gas turbine engines
James Kennedy at Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and the department of psychiatry in the Temerty Faculty of Medicine – Clinical utility and enhancements of a pharmacogenomic decision support tool for mental health patients
Shaf Keshavjee at University Health Network and the department of surgery in the Temerty Faculty of Medicine – Advanced solutions to human lung preservation and assessment using artificial intelligence
Aviad Levis in the department of computer science in the Faculty of Arts & Science – AI and quantum enhanced astronomy
JoAnne McLaurin at Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre and the department of laboratory medicine & pathobiology in the Temerty Faculty of Medicine – Conversion of astrocytes to neurons to treat neurodegenerative diseases of the brain and the eye
R. J. Dwayne Miller in the department of chemistry in the Faculty of Arts & Science – PicoSecond InfraRed Laser (PIRL) “cancer knife” with complete biodiagnostics via spatial imaging mass spectrometry
Javad Mostaghimi in the department of mechanical & industrial engineering in the Faculty of Applied Science & Engineering – A new generation of compact, transportable mass spectrometers for rapid, in-field sample analysi
Xiao Yu (Shirley) Wu in the Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy – Molecular dynamics modeling and screening of excipients for designing amorphous solid dispersion formulations of poorly–soluble drugs

Ontario Research Fund – Small Infrastructure Fund:

Celina Baines in the department of ecology & evolutionary biology in the Faculty of Arts & Science – Impacts of environmental change on organismal movement
Sergio de la Barrera in the department of physics in the Faculty of Arts & Science – Facility for quantum materials and device assembly from atomically thin van der Waals layers
Michelle Bendeck in the department of laboratory medicine & pathobiology in the Temerty Faculty of Medicine – 4D quantitative cardiovascular physiology centre
Laurent Bozec in the department of laboratory medicine & pathobiology in the Temerty Faculty of Medicine – 21st Century challenge for Dentistry: Breaking the cycle of irreversible dental tissue loss
Mark Chiew at Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre and the department of medical biophysics in the Temerty Faculty of Medicine – Next generation computational MRI for rapid neuroimaging and image-guided therapy
Haissi Cui in the department of chemistry in the Faculty of Arts & Science – A molecule to mouse approach to study the intracellular localization of genetic code interpretation in mammalian cells
Andy Kin On DeVeale at the University Health Network and the Dalla Lana School of Public Health – Sarcopenia and musculoskeletal interactions (sami) collaborative hub
Ali Dolatabadi in the department of mechanical & industrial engineering in the Faculty of Applied Science & Engineering – Advanced cold spray facility
Spencer Freeman at the Hospital for Sick Children and the department of biochemistry in the Temerty Faculty of Medicine – Imaging biophysical determinants of the innate immune response
Liisa Galea at the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and the Institute of Medical Science in the Temerty Faculty of Medicine – Sex and sex-specific factors influencing brain health across the lifespan
Maged Goubran at Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre and the department of medical biophysics in the Temerty Faculty of Medicine – AI platform for mapping, tracking and predicting circuit alterations in Alzheimer’s disease
Eitan Grinspun in the departments of computer science and department of mathematics in the Faculty of Arts & Science – A computer graphics perspective on entanglement of slender structures
Levon Halabelian in the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology in the Temerty Faculty of Medicine – Enabling a high-throughput drug discovery pipeline for targeting disease-related human proteins
Ziqing Hong in the department of physics in the Faculty of Arts & Science – Ultra-sensitive cryogenic detector development for dark matter and neutrino experiments
Eno Hysi at the Unity Health Toronto and the department of medical biophysics in the Temerty Faculty of Medicine – Structural and functional assessments of diabetic skin microvasculature using photoacoustic imaging
Lewis Kay in the department of biochemistry in the Temerty Faculty of Medicine – Helium recovery system for the biomolecular NMR facility
Xiang Li in the department of chemistry and the department of physic in the Faculty of Arts & Science – Real-time multi-faceted probes of quantum materials
Qian Lin in the department of cell & systems biology in the Faculty of Arts & Science – 2p-RAM for whole-brain single-neuron imaging of behaving zebrafish to study neural mechanisms of cognitive behaviours
Xilin Liu in the Edward S. Rogers Sr. department of electrical and computer engineering in the Faculty of Applied Science & Engineering – Integrated circuits for wireless brain implants with multi-modal neural interfaces
Stephen Lye at the Sinai Health System and the department of physiology in the Temerty Faculty of Medicine – Healthy Life Trajectories Initiative (HeLTI) analytics platform
Caitlin Maikawa in the Institute of Biomedical Engineering in the Faculty of Applied Science & Engineering – Biointerfacing materials for drug delivery lab
Emma Master in the department of chemical engineering & applied chemistry in the Faculty of Applied Science & Engineering – Accelerating biomanufacturing innovation through enhanced capacity for scale-up and downstream bioprocess engineering
Roman Melnyk at the Hospital for Sick Children and the department of biochemistry in the Temerty Faculty of Medicine – The H-SCREEN: A platform for high throughput and high content imaging-based small molecule screens for disease modulation
Juan Mena-Parra in the department of astronomy & astrophysics in the Faculty of Arts & Science – An advanced laboratory to enable novel radio telescopes for cosmology and time-domain astrophysics
Seyed Mohamad Moosavi in the department of chemical engineering and applied chemistry in the Faculty of Applied Science & Engineering – Machine learning for nanoporous materials design
Enid Montague in the department of mechanical & industrial engineering in the Faculty of Applied Science & Engineering – Automation and equity in healthcare laboratory
Michael Norris in the department of biochemistry in the Temerty Faculty of Medicine – Infrastructure for structural and functional virology research hub
Amaya Perez-Brumer in the Dalla Lana School of Public Health – 3P lab: Centering power, privilege and positionality for health equity research
Monica Ramsey in the department of anthropology at the 91�Թ� Mississauga – Ramsey Laboratory for Environmental Archaeology (RLEA): How human-environment interactions shaped plant-food
Arneet Saltzman in the department of cell & systems biology in the in the Faculty of Arts & Science – Heterochromatin regulation in development and inheritance
Mina Tadrous in the Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy – Developing a centre for real-world evidence to improve the use of medications for Canadians
Shurui Zhou in the department of electrical & computer engineering in the Faculty of Applied Science & Engineering – Improving collaboration efficiency for fork-based software development
Olena Zhulyn at the Hospital for Sick Children and the department of molecular genetics in the Temerty Faculty of Medicine – Targeting translation for tissue regeneration and repair
Christoph Zrenner at the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and the Institute of Biomedical Engineering in the Faculty of Applied Science & Engineering – Next-generation real-time closed-loop personalized neurostimulation

Researchers discover the oldest species of swimming jellyfish: CNN

Christopher.Sorensen — Tue, 08 Aug 2023 19:20:32 +0000

Researchers discover the oldest species of swimming jellyfish: CNN

Christopher.Sorensen Tue, 08/08/2023 - 15:20

Cutline

An artist’s depiction of Burgessomedusa phasmiformis swimming 505 million years ago in the Cambrian sea, where it was believed to be one of the largest predators (illustration by Christian McCall)

Topic

Breaking Research

Royal Ontario Museum

Researchers at the Royal Ontario Museum (ROM) and the 91�Թ� have discovered evidence of the oldest swimming jellyfish in the fossil record, CNN reports.

A study, published in Proceedings of the Royal Society B, documented the finding of 182 fossils in the Burgess Shale, a deposit in B.C.’s Rocky Mountains known for its rich preservation of the explosion of life during the Cambrian period.

Researchers found that the fossils belong to a newly identified species of jellyfish that swam in the Earth’s oceans 505 million years ago, CNN reported. Given that jellyfish are 95 per cent water, it is a remarkable and rare fossil find.

“Although jellyfish and their relatives are thought to be one of the earliest animal groups to have evolved, they have been remarkably hard to pin down in the Cambrian fossil record,” Joe Moysiuk, a PhD candidate in the Faculty of Arts & Science’s department of ecology and evolutionary biology, who is based at the ROM, said in a statement quoted by CNN. “This discovery leaves no doubt they were swimming about at that time.”

Co-author Jean-Bernard Caron, an associate professor in ecology and evolutionary biology and the ROM’s Richard Ivey Curator of Invertebrate Palaeontology, adds that the discovery the new species – called the Burgessomedusa phasmiformis – enriches our understanding of the complexity of Cambrian food webs, noting that these jellyfish were efficient swimming predators.

The discovery was covered by outlets around the world, including the Guardian, CBC News and New Scientist. Visitors can see fossils of Burgessomedusa phasmiformis at the ROM’s Willner Madge Gallery, Dawn of Life.

The trash clogging Toronto's harbour has been turned into art: CTV News

Christopher.Sorensen — Fri, 21 Jul 2023 15:26:20 +0000

The trash clogging Toronto's harbour has been turned into art: CTV News

Christopher.Sorensen Fri, 07/21/2023 - 11:26

Cutline

(photo by Jack McCombe)

Topic

Sustainability

Waste collected from the city's waterfront by the 91�Թ�’s Trash Team has been turned into a floating art installation intended to remind people about the pervasiveness of pollution.

The sculpture, called “Tangle,” is made of refuse ranging from polypropylene bags to microplastic particles and discarded toys – all wrapped in willow branches and invasive plants found in Lake Ontario. It can be viewed in the Harbourfront neighbourhood’s Peter Street Basin until September.

Created by Trash Team artist-in-residence Emily Chudnovsky, the work is designed to raise awareness of the waste we routinely see in our waterways.

“We produce so much waste as a global society,” Chudnovsky told CTV News. “How can we use less material and how can we learn from the natural world, which has many different systems for filtering waste, repurposing waste and not producing waste?”

The 91�Թ� Trash Team is made up of undergraduate and graduate students, post-doctoral researchers, local volunteers and staff working in collaboration with Chelsea Rochman, an assistant professor in the Faculty of Arts & Science’s department of ecology and evolutionary biology.

Read the story at CTV News

Beyond Wordle: 91�Թ� students, staff and faculty share their pandemic hobbies

geoff.vendeville — Mon, 24 Jan 2022 19:08:43 +0000

Beyond Wordle: 91�Թ� students, staff and faculty share their pandemic hobbies

geoff.vendeville Mon, 01/24/2022 - 14:08

Cutline

Divya Dey, an undergraduate student at 91�Թ� Scarborough, used the pandemic as an opportunity to take up outdoor hobbies – from camping and caving to tree-top trekking (photo courtesy of Divya Dey)

Geoffrey Vendeville

Topic

Undergraduate Students

Solving Wordle’s daily mystery word has emerged as the latest in a long line of pandemic-era pastimes – beginning with the sourdough-baking craze of 2020.

Yet, while the online puzzle has quickly racked up millions of devotees, it's not the only thing helping people cope with a frigid winter amid the latest – and hopefully last – wave of COVID-19 transmission.

91�Թ� News asked 91�Թ� students, staff and faculty what's bringing them joy these days.

Divya Dey

Bachelor of science student at 91�Թ� Scarborough

(Photo courtesy of Divya Dey)

As a fourth-year student at 91�Թ� Scarborough studying environment sciences, I love being immersed in the great outdoors! But being a student, it can be hard to find time to do the things I love, so, since the start of the pandemic, I made it a mission to try new things in outdoor settings.

I have gone cliff jumping, caving, tree-top trekking, camping, visited farms, gardening and countless hikes across Ontario. This has allowed me to push my personal boundaries, try new things and bond with my family (especially my dog) while doing so!

Charlie Keil

Principal of Innis College and professor in the department of history in the Faculty of Arts & Science

When the pandemic caused my local gym to close, I started running every day – always early in the morning. There is only so much techno music one can listen to, which led me to podcasts. I’ve now become a devotee, particularly to those that offer political analysis or cultural commentary.

The one caveat: They must last close to one hour, so that I don’t have to switch my selection midway through my run. COVID-19 is thoroughly pernicious, but it has provided an opportunity for sustained edification. A regular dose of Ezra Klein is good for the brain. And now I can’t get by without my weekly instalments of the Slate Political Gabfest and Culture Gabfest.

Lisa Erdle

PhD candidate in the department of ecology and evolutionary biology in the Faculty of Arts & Science

One thing that is getting me through the latest phase of the pandemic is spending time outside.

This time of year, the waterways around the Toronto Islands typically freeze. This year, in the thick of our cold weather, we’ve had perfect conditions for skating.

We’ve also gotten a bit creative – my husband and I built an “ice sail” by repurposing items we found in the trash, including a broken paddle and a ripped sail.

Going out on the ice (with safety gear, of course) and trying something new reminds me that we can have adventures in our own backyard.

@outsidebrendan Ice skate sailing pt. 1! #wintermagic #wildice #getoutside #iceskating #olympicscountdown ♬ Rasputin (Single Version) - Boney M.

Nick Iwanyshyn

Photographer and video producer at 91�Թ� Mississauga

(Photos courtesy of Nick Iwanyshyn)

My fiancé and I moved to Hamilton from Toronto in the spring of 2020.

Over the summer, we made a habit of riding our bikes to a coffee shop every Saturday – never the same one twice – to explore our new surroundings. Some of our favourite cafés so far are Smalls Coffee, Durand Coffee and Synonym Shop.

With the temperature occasionally dropping to -20 Celsius, it can be hard to find motivation to go outside. But even in the depths of winter, I never regret leaving the house for an oat cappuccino.

Jaco Lokker

Director of culinary operations and executive chef

Like many, I rediscovered the joy of cooking at home. I started the pandemic by scrambling around, trying to find yeast and flour so I could bake bread. I quickly realized that bread was just not my thing.

After that, I spent my summer barbecuing, having a friendly competition with my neighbour to see who would master the almighty brisket.

As fall arrived, I finally found my true passion: making incredible, rich and flavorful homemade stocks. Or some would prefer to refer to them as bone broth. To me, they're the same. They bring an immense amount of flavour to meals. I use them as a base for all my soups and stews. I've also used them for dishes like risotto or when making rice pilaf or paella.

I have added a recipe for my favourite: leek and potato soup. For those still baking bread, I bow to you!

(Photos courtesy of Jaco Lokker)

Jaco Lokker's leek and potato soup

Servings: 8
Prep Time: 20 Minutes
Cook Time: 40 Minutes
Total Time: 1 Hour

Ingredients:
30 grams — Butter
700 grams — (3 large) Leeks roughly chopped, white and light green only
700 grams — (8 medium) Yellow fleshed potatoes, peeled and roughly chopped into 1/2-inch pieces
2 litres — Chicken broth or vegetable broth
2 — Bay leaves
250 millilitres — 35 per cent cream
To taste — Himalayan sea salt
To taste — Fresh ground black pepper

Chopped chives for garnish

Instructions:

Melt the butter over medium heat in a large soup pot. Add the leeks and sauté, stirring regularly, until soft. Adjust the heat if necessary, to avoid the leek from browning.
Add the potatoes, your choice of chicken or vegetable broth and bay leaves. Let the pot come to a boil and reduce heat to a simmer. Simmer for 15-20 minutes, or until the potatoes are soft. Add the 35 per cent cream and season.
Remove the bay leaves, then purée the soup with a hand-held immersion blender or a regular blender until smooth.
Serve in a bowl and top with chives or parsley.

91�Թ� study shows winter road salt poses year-round threat to aquatic life in Toronto’s rivers

Christopher.Sorensen — Tue, 16 Mar 2021 15:23:46 +0000

91�Թ� study shows winter road salt poses year-round threat to aquatic life in Toronto’s rivers

Christopher.Sorensen Tue, 03/16/2021 - 11:23

Cutline

(photo by Lubo Ivanko/Getty Images)

Chris Sasaki

Topic

Breaking Research

Sustainability

As spring nears, two 91�Թ� researchers have found that the salt spread on roads and sidewalks in the Greater Toronto Area during the wintertime remains a threat to aquatic life in the city’s rivers during the warmer months.

PhD student Lauren Lawson and Donald Jackson, a professor of aquatic ecology in the department of ecology and evolutionary biology, in the Faculty of Arts & Science, say heavy salting – including by businesses and private citizens, who the researchers say tend to salt excessively – is having a year-round impact on aquatic life.

They reported their findings in a paper published recently in the journal FACETS.

“Our research shows that chloride pollution from road salt is a year-round threat to our urban freshwater ecosystems,” says Jackson. “Of the samples we took from four GTA rivers and creeks during the summer, we found that nearly 90 per cent exceeded federal guidelines for long-term exposure of aquatic life to chloride.”

In northern temperate regions like North America, the primary non-natural or anthropogenic source of salinization is road de-icing and anti-icing agents applied to highways, streets and sidewalks. In cities – where road density is highest – this results in high concentrations of chloride in runoff flowing into urban waterways.

Lawson and Jackson estimate that more than one-third of the sites sampled had concentrations that would be lethal, according to government guidelines, to two-thirds of aquatic species – and possibly more given species’ greater sensitivity while in early stages of development during the summer. The concentrations discovered may also negatively affect reproduction and spawning.

“Increased chloride concentrations in freshwater can be toxic and lead to changes in an organism’s behavior and ability to withstand other stressors,” says Lawson. “It can increase lethality, alter food webs and lead to biotic homogenization where only hardier species survive.”

The researchers measured the concentration at 214 sites along four GTA waterways: the Humber and Don rivers, as well as Mimico and Etobicoke creeks. The sites ranged from the headwaters north and northwest of the city to where they enter Lake Ontario in Toronto.

A location on Mimico Creek where 91�Թ� researchers sampled water to measure chloride from road salt (photo by Donald Jackson)

Samples were collected in July and the first two weeks of August when chloride concentrations are typically at their lowest level. Concentrations are expected to be higher during the preceding winter months when road salt is actively applied to roadways and sidewalks.

The U.S. and Canada annually use roughly 24.5 and seven million tonnes of road salt respectively in both commercial and industrial applications, as well as to de-ice sidewalks of small businesses and homes. Toronto alone uses 130 thousand tonnes of road salt each year – an amount equal to the weight of the CN Tower.

As the co-authors point out, Toronto has a salt management plan that includes the use of more effective brine instead of salt, as well as technology designed to optimize spreading and reduce use.

But, Lawson and Jackson say, there is more work to be done.

For example, the researchers say private citizens often use excessive amounts of salt and spread it in an inefficient manner. Also, salt use at transit stops is unregulated, which can result in less than optimal application.

“We need private citizen education – including for businesses – on the proper amount and application of road salt,” says Jackson. “A little salt goes a long way when applied correctly.”

Given their findings, the authors recommend research to better inform revisions to current federal guidelines. In particular, they suggest a focus on site-specific biological communities and increased attention to the year-long impact road salt has on urban ecosystems.

“Ultimately, it is critical to track changing environmental quality as the constant urbanization of Toronto changes land-cover,” says Lawson.

“Tracking environmental change will provide evidence for the need for sustainable management and city-development in an increasingly concrete world.”

The research was supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.

Meet five 91�Թ� researchers awarded 2021 RBC Post-Doctoral & Graduate Fellowships

Christopher.Sorensen — Thu, 11 Mar 2021 16:01:15 +0000

Meet five 91�Թ� researchers awarded 2021 RBC Post-Doctoral & Graduate Fellowships

Christopher.Sorensen Thu, 03/11/2021 - 11:01

Cutline

From left to right: Amlan Kar, Roshni Thawani, Harris Chan, Maxwell Farrell and Ilya Yakavets (photos courtesy of RBC)

Topic

Entrepreneurship

Faculty of Information

Startups

ThisIsThePlace

Vector Institute

Five 91�Թ� researchers – working on artificial intelligence, anti-cancer therapies, pandemic prevention and international learning – were awarded RBC Post-Doctoral & Graduate Fellowships at this week’s virtual Entrepreneurship Week.

The fellowships, offered through a partnership between 91�Թ�, RBC and Borealis AI, recognize emerging 91�Թ� leaders who are establishing a record of research, scholarship and making an impact .

“RBC and Borealis AI have supported 91�Թ� students and trainees and helped foster the next generation of tech innovators and entrepreneurs in Canada,” said Derek Newton, 91�Թ�’s assistant vice-president of innovations, partnerships and entrepreneurship. “Organizations like RBC and Borealis AI provide more than financial aid – they also help our researchers with industry mentorship and guide them to access key capabilities, as they work to explore their field of research.”

The 2021 RBC Post-Doctoral & Graduate Fellowship winners are focused on applying a range of innovative technologies and techniques to help address key societal and health issues.

“With a focus on creating new computational models to help address key societal and financial services problems, the winners of the 2021 RBC Post-Doctoral & Graduate Fellowships are helping policy-makers, educators, service providers and entrepreneurs forge a more innovative future,” said 91�Թ� alumna Eirene Seiradaki, director of research partnerships at Borealis AI. “As the AI research centre backed by RBC, Borealis AI is excited to see how this esteemed group will influence innovation and entrepreneurship at UofT and around the world.”

“Innovation is a critical component of RBC’s tech strategy, and we’re thrilled to partner with the 91�Թ� to support these researchers,” added Bruce Ross, RBC’s group head, technology and operations. “The RBC Post-Doctoral & Graduate Fellows are working on cutting-edge projects that will elevate and enrich the tech industry in Canada and around the world.”

Here are this year’s winners:

2021 RBC Graduate Fellows

Harris Chan: PhD candidate in computer science n 91�Թ�’s Faculty of Arts & Science and the Vector Institute

Research topic: Goal-Agnostic Exploration for Multi-Goal Reinforcement Learning

Research interests: The intersection of deep reinforcement learning and natural language processing for developing efficient and generalizable learning systems with applications to robotics

“Current reinforcement learning systems are encouraged to collect their own data through an AI agent that maximizes some cumulative reward – just like a human might train a pet by offering tasty treats. However, most reinforcement learning systems are capable of only completing a single task or game at a time. And they require billions of interactions with the environment in order to learn. Multi-goal reinforcement learning, on the other hand, trains an agent to achieve many potential goals, thereby allowing a single agent to achieve competency at several tasks and – potentially – generalize to novel situations.

“I am very honoured to have been awarded the RBC Graduate Fellowship and am excited to see how our research in Multi-Goal Reinforcement Learning can allow us to make an impact in academia and beyond.”

Amlan Kar: PhD candidate in computer science in 91�Թ�’s Faculty of Arts & Science and the Vector Institute

Research topic: Machine Learning for Machine Learning Data

Research interests: Creating automated 3D content and human-in-the-loop interactive annotation techniques to help create data for machine learning

“As the world of artificial intelligence becomes increasingly dominated by large scale data-driven techniques, my research focuses on making annotated machine learning data more easily available to researchers and practitioners. We are seeking to develop algorithms that support efficient human-in-the-loop annotation and automatic data generation with simulated 3D content creation. That, in turn, should allow us to extend beyond synthetic data generation to a wide range of applications including indoor and outdoor environment design, architecture and simulation for algorithm testing.

“The RBC Graduate Fellowship award should allow me to expand the research within real human environments while, at the same time, creating opportunities for commercial value to be created.”

Roshni Thawani: Master’s candidate in 91�Թ�’s Faculty of Information

Research topic: Creating a digital application prototype to support international learning experiences

Research interests: Building a universal digital hub for international learning through human-computer interaction, user experience design and ethnographic research.

“UNESCO estimates that in 2017 there were more than 5.3 million international students studying abroad. My research aims to make that a more seamless and valuable experience for the students, academic institutions and other stakeholders. Based on pain points gathered from secondary and primary ethnographic research, the application would pool information from various online sources such as internship organizations, abroad universities, bursaries, loans, scholarships and other university funding forms in order to generate a customized plan of action to help the user reach their goal destination.

“With the support of the RBC Graduate Fellowship award, I hope to create a seamless international experience that encourages more students to learn overseas and creates a more inclusive and higher-quality level of education for all.”

2021 RBC Post-Doctoral Fellows

Maxwell Farrell: PhD, ecology and evolutionary biology in 91�Թ�’s Faculty of Arts & Science

Research topic: Predicting the severity of cross-species infectious diseases

Research interests: Identifying the forces that shape, host and parasite biodiversity and building tools to prioritize research for diseases that are likely to become public health threats in the future.

“Many infectious organisms have the ability to infect more than one host species. Yet, there is currently limited information to predict the outcome of infection across host-parasite combinations. A major limitation has been the lack of comparable data for a large diversity of hosts and parasites. Using machine learning and text analysis of scientific literature, I will build a novel global database of infection-induced diseases for all known parasites of mammals.

“This RBC Post-Doctoral Fellowship will help create a greater understanding of the evolution of infectious diseases which, in turn, will form the basis for predicting the impacts of emerging infectious diseases before they jump to infect humans, domesticated animals and wildlife."

Ilya Yakavets: PhD, chemistry in 91�Թ�’s Faculty of Arts & Science

Research topic: Deep learning framework for self-driven development of combination cancer chemotherapies in a microfluidic spheroid-on-a-chip platform
Research interests: Applying deep learning to the development of new anticancer therapies, including multi-drug combinations and nanomedicine

“Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in females in Canada, accounting for one in four of new cases. And combination chemotherapies offer the potential for the improvement of therapeutic responses of breast cancer patients by utilizing multi-drug cancer treatment. To help medical professionals and patients make a decision about the best drug combination in a time-effective manner, we will integrate frontier artificial intelligence with a ‘spheroid-on-a-chip’ microfluidic device in a way that would allow simultaneous high-throughput screening of multiple drug combinations.

“This RBC Post-Doctoral Fellowship has the real potential of augmenting physician decision-making with AI in order to provide innovative cancer treatments. It makes a big dream more reachable.”

From longer holidays to compassion in the classroom: Supporting 91�Թ� students during COVID-19

Christopher.Sorensen — Fri, 18 Dec 2020 21:28:01 +0000

From longer holidays to compassion in the classroom: Supporting 91�Թ� students during COVID-19

Christopher.Sorensen Fri, 12/18/2020 - 16:28

Cutline

(photo by David Lee)

Geoffrey Vendeville

Topic

UTogether

Geography and Planning

Undergraduate Students

Urban Studies

Earning a university degree isn’t easy – and this year the challenge is made more difficult by a global pandemic that has forced students to dramatically alter the way they live, study and socialize.

That’s why 91�Թ� President Meric Gertler recently extended the winter break by one week to Jan. 11. for students in first-entry undergraduate divisions and some graduate and professional programs.

“It’s prompted by the fact that we’ve all been under an extraordinary amount of stress for months now, because of the burdens imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic,” he said in a letter to the 91�Թ� community.

“The entire leadership team across our three campuses cares deeply about the wellness of each and every one of you. We want to make sure that you’re able to rest and recharge, and to make the most of the upcoming holiday break.”

In light of the added pressure COVID-19 has placed on students, Micah Stickel, acting vice-provost, students, is also calling on faculty to double down on kindness and compassion.

“This is a unique time for everybody,” he told 91�Թ� News, adding that the university has been listening closely to students through consultation sessions and surveys.

“The message that we shared with everybody is to focus on care, compassion and flexibility.”

In practical terms, Stickel says that means opening up a pathway for honest communication between students and professors while paying close attention to the demands that students are facing in their lives.

He recommends a healthy balance of large and small assignments so students don’t have to juggle too many bite-size assignments – or worry about a single, large assignment that could make up the bulk of their grade.

Overall, the time spent in class and on work outside a class should be in the ballpark of 10 hours per week, per course, he says.

“That’s our ask, but obviously there’s some flexibility there,” he said. “Generally, the message is to think about students’ experience not just in your own course, but in all the courses that they’re taking.”

Professors across Canada can get tips for supporting student mental health from the Centre for Innovation in Campus Mental Health. And, to ensure that faculty, staff and librarians who support students also take care of their own mental health, 91�Թ� offers a wide range of resources and supports.

Since the pandemic began, professors across 91�Թ�’s three campuses have also been sharing their experiences with each other online and in webinars organized by the Centre for Teaching and Learning, offering advice on how to re-think assessments and assignments and examples of how to lower stress and improve learning for students.

“The biggest thing that I’m doing differently this year is having a “radical generosity” policy for extensions,” Kathy Liddle, assistant professor, teaching stream, in sociology at 91�Թ� Scarborough, told the Centre for Teaching and Learning. “Students can get extensions on anything for any reason, without any documentation and without penalty.

“My decision was based on the fact that my priority is for them to learn the material, but I don’t want to tie the assessment to their ability to turn in something by a particular time. Especially this year. They don’t have to ask for the weekly quiz or the weekly discussion post – I just leave them open and then they catch up as necessary. For assignments, I have them contact their TAs to ask for a specific amount of time so that they are making a specific plan for themselves. But we accept every request.”

Liddle says “the outpouring of gratitude and appreciation from the students has honestly been overwhelming.”

Fiona Rawle, a professor of biology and the associate dean, undergraduate at 91�Թ� Mississauga, coined the phrase “the pedagogy of kindness” to describe her teaching method, which also emphasizes communication, compassion and flexibility.

In her biology course of more than 1,000 students, she aims to foster connections within the class and bridge the “divide” between student and teacher.

Today was our last class. Students surprised me by making posters & holding them up at the same time

Was a great ending, highlighting the importance of connection to learning@UTM @UofT @AcademicChatter #WomenInSTEM

(you can see me in the upper corner crying a bit...) pic.twitter.com/mY2wEsMnGI
— Dr Fiona Rawle (@FiRawle) December 8, 2020

“We know that the more connected our students feel, then the better they learn,” she said in a guest-hosted episode of the 91�Թ� podcast, The New Normal.

“We want students to know that they are more than a number.”

In the last class of the semester, Rawle’s students showed her some kindness in return, surprising her on Zoom by holding up posters expressing their thanks. Rawle tweeted a screenshot of the class, adding: “You can see me in the upper corner crying a bit…”

Fabian Parsch, an assistant professor, teaching stream, in the department of mathematics in the Faculty of Arts & Science, says the experience of teaching remotely during the pandemic has taught him the value of giving students more time to complete tests.

In one of his classes he gave his students 24 hours to write an exam, providing them with some leeway if their computer crashes or in the case of another unforeseen calamity.

“All these things contribute to students being able to focus on the course content instead of being stressed out by their surrounding conditions during an already stressful time,” he says.

David Roberts, director of the urban studies program at Innis College and an assistant professor, teaching stream, in the department of geography and planning, says he agrees that teaching during a pandemic “requires greater compassion and care for our students and a heightened recognition of the struggles they are facing during this time.”

Whether in his first-year introductory course on urban studies and his fourth-year seminar on cities and mega-events, he says he prioritizes patience and understanding.

“While the pandemic has definitely exacerbated many situations, a lot of our students were struggling with various things prior to the pandemic,” he says.

“Recognizing this, I try to keep abreast of the various support programs available to students and encourage my students to make use of them. I try to be understanding and accommodating, while also being fair to my TAs and others.

“These practices have become more central to my teaching approach as more of my students have confided their struggles to me.”

While COVID-19 has brought student mental health into even sharper focus, the well-being of students was already a top priority for the university, Stickel says.

As part of its response to recommendations by the Presidential and Provostial Task Force on Student Mental Health, the university recently launched a new mental health website for students, where they can access a toolkit of resources for building resilience, find health-focused events across the three campuses and book a counselling appointment online.

Stickel also urges faculty to demonstrate a personal commitment to supporting student mental health by including a statement on their syllabus and using it as an opportunity to discuss mental health with students and periodically check in with them.

Megan Frederickson, an associate professor of ecology and evolutionary biology, made a point of checking in with her students – all 1,933 of them – in the final class of BIO 120 last week.

“I always tell my students their grades are not a measure of their worth as a human being,” Frederickson told 91�Թ� News. “They’re so focused on getting high grades and there are so many wonderful students who are not going to be high-achieving in terms of marks, but that doesn’t mean they’re not going to go on to do amazing things with their lives.”

To help keep students engaged this term, Frederickson delivered lectures from locations across the city, including ravines, museums and the zoo, in a series of pre-recorded videos that could be viewed asynchronously. In her last video, sitting at her kitchen table, she thanked them for their patience and good humour and spoke about how tough the year has been for everyone and how much she hopes to eventually meet them in person.

“I really do hope that you’re taking good care of yourself and your loved ones and your communities – and I really genuinely think that is more important at this moment in time than getting a high grade in BIO 120,” Frederickson says. “So I wish you good luck on your final test. But remember it is just a test.

“It’s not the most important thing in life – or even in your university career.”

91�Թ� Mississauga grad discovers little-known parasitic fly is killing local crickets

Christopher.Sorensen — Thu, 25 Jun 2020 13:40:54 +0000

91�Թ� Mississauga grad discovers little-known parasitic fly is killing local crickets

Christopher.Sorensen Thu, 06/25/2020 - 09:40

Cutline

Erik Etzler stumbled upon Stylogaster neglecta, first described in 1890, while cleaning the lab. He says few had studied it over the past century (photo courtesy Eric Etzler)

Patricia Lonergan

Topic

Biology

Graduate Students

91�Թ� Mississauga

A new 91�Թ� Mississauga study reveals a dramatic, gruesome and deadly battle for survival quietly playing out on the campus fields.

Erik Etzler, who recently graduated with a master’s degree in ecology and evolutionary biology, has found that the common tree cricket – best known for its soft, buzzing musical notes during long, warm summer evenings – is an unwilling host to a lethal parasitic fly.

A native fly known as Stylogaster neglecta, which is part of the parasitoid family Conopidae, is roughly the size of a mosquito, with a similar body shape, Etzler says. Researchers knew the fly was parasitic, but it was Etzler who recently uncovered which insect the fly is using as a host.

Using a tube-like organ, the fly stabs a nymphal cricket, embedding eggs into what Etzler describes as teenage crickets in their third or fourth molt. He says the young crickets look fine after the eggs have been embedded into them.

But inside is a larva that, over time, feeds on the viscera of the immature cricket. Then, like a gruesome scene from a science fiction film, a fly maggot emerges from the abdomen of the cricket, killing its host in the process.

And it’s not just a few crickets that find themselves an unwilling carrier to a parasitic fly. Etzler found that 40 per cent of the crickets he netted at 91�Թ� Mississauga’s old field had eggs embedded in them, meaning there is a 40 per cent mortality rate among the campus’s young cricket population.

Curious if the phenomenon was localized, Etzler expanded his study to include three other sites. He netted crickets at sites in Cambridge, Ont., King City, Ont., and Albany, NY. He found young crickets carrying the fly larva at each of those sites as well.

Only one cricket, he says, made it to adulthood before dying. He suspects it’s because it was “stabbed late.”

Etzler’s study, published in The Canadian Entomologist, is the first to reveal that this fly parasitizes tree crickets.

Etzler says that he finds it bizarre how little was known about this fly. It was first described in 1890, he notes, yet no one learned much more about it in 100 years.

“It’s shocking how poorly we understand it,” says Etzler, who first stumbled across the fly while cleaning up the lab.

He explains that he found dozens of flies that had come out of crickets collected by graduate students decades earlier. The flies were identified and left in a box.

Almost 20 years later, Etzler, who had been looking for a master’s project, decided to tackle the packed-away mystery.

His research has shed new light on an environment where “bizarre things” happen.

“It’s a dramatic world out there,” he says.

Road salt is taking its toll on insects in Toronto area, 91�Թ� researchers find

Christopher.Sorensen — Tue, 03 Dec 2019 13:44:45 +0000

Road salt is taking its toll on insects in Toronto area, 91�Թ� researchers find

Christopher.Sorensen Tue, 12/03/2019 - 08:44

Cutline

Researchers at 91�Թ� Mississauga found that long-term exposure to high levels of salinity due to winter road salting suppress the immune response of aquatic insects (photo by Paul Bruch via Getty Images)

Blake Eligh

Topic

Biology

Sustainability

91�Թ� Mississauga

Undergraduate Students

It may help keep your car on the road in the winter, but research from the 91�Թ� suggests that road salt is creating problems for wildlife.

Researchers from the lab of Shannon McCauley, an associate professor of biology at 91�Թ� Mississauga, investigated the impact of road salt exposure on larvae of Anax junius dragonflies. The results, published in the journal Frontiers of Ecology and Evolution, show that long-term exposure to high levels of salinity suppress the immune response of aquatic insects, negatively impacting their ability to fight infections and recover from injuries.

Known as “green darners,” Anax junius dragonflies are one of the most common and abundant species in North America. Long and thin, they can grow to a length of 76 mm and are fierce and voracious predators.

“They eat everything, including each other, other dragonflies, mosquitos and zooplankton,” says Rosalind Murray, a post-doctoral researcher in the McCauley Lab who co-authored the study with McCauley and undergraduate biology student Racquelle Mangahas. “In a fishless pond, Anax junius are top predators that shape the aquatic ecosystem.

“We don’t know much about how macro invertebrates – larger insects – respond to salinity, and no one has ever looked at this particular species.”

Post-doctoral researcher Rosalind Murray with Associate Professor Shannon McCauley of 91�Թ� Mississauga’s department of biology.

Murray notes that 2017 was a boom year for the insects, which were collected at 91�Թ�’s Koffler Scientific Reserve north of Toronto for the study. “It was a good opportunity to ask questions about what is happening to these top predators,” she says.

Salt enters aquatic environments in a number of ways. In colder climates, salt is spread liberally for traction on icy roads, parking lots and walking paths, where it can be washed into ponds, rivers and streams when the snow melts. In warmer locales, salt also enters the watershed through road gravel, agricultural applications and runoff from saltwater residential pools.

Previous research measured how much road salt might be lethal to aquatic populations, but Murray notes that many creatures may experience non-lethal salinity levels over different periods of time.

“Stagnant ponds might contain little pockets with higher salinity, and insects can move in and out of them so they may experience quick acute exposure,” she says. “They may not be experiencing salinity at a rate that is sustained enough to kill them. We wondered how salinity might be affecting animals in a non-lethal way.”

The researchers theorized that salinity might have an effect on the insects’ immune systems. To observe the potential effects of road salt on larval immune response, the researchers turned to melanin, a chemical that plays a role in wound healing. “When an insect has a wound, it sends melanin to encapsulate the foreign object or wound,” Murray says.

Four variants of Anax junius at different stages of development (photo by Rosemary Martin)

Dragonfly larvae were injected with a monofilament to mimic injury that might be caused by a parasite or other wound. The larvae were then placed into water with various levels of commercial road salt ranging from standard tap water with no salt added to solutions of one and three grams of salt per litre. The larvae were left in the solutions for periods ranging from one to 96 hours (four days), after which the researchers measured the amount of melanin deposited on the monofilaments.

“We found that the highest level salt treatment in longest-term exposure resulted in a significantly decreased immune response,” Murray says.

“Dragonflies are pretty robust, but at the longest period of the highest concentration, we saw that they are being affected by high concentrations of salt,” she says. “Our study exposed the insects for just four days, but animals may live for years in the same pond. A chronically salty environment, it could – and likely would – have a much stronger effect.”

Chronic exposure to salination could have other long-term implications for the insects and also for other creatures on the food chain. Additional research from the McCauley Lab indicates that exposure to road salt appears to negatively impact the appetite of adult dragonflies. “Our research shows a decrease in the number of mosquitos that they are eating, which could impact how many mosquitos are in our environment.”

“It’s a global problem that’s not specific to cold climates,” Murray says. “It is important to be aware of how much salt we are adding to the environment, and that it is having an effect.”

The research was supported the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.

91�Թ�-led team text mines over 89,000 scientific papers, revealing new evolutionary insights into ants and plants

noreen.rasbach — Thu, 03 Oct 2019 04:00:00 +0000

91�Թ�-led team text mines over 89,000 scientific papers, revealing new evolutionary insights into ants and plants

noreen.rasbach Thu, 10/03/2019 - 00:00

Cutline

The Amazonian ant Allomerus octoarticulatus protects its host plant Cordia nodosa against the plant’s enemies (photo by Chris Reid)

Sean Bettam

Topic

Breaking Research

Graduate Students